A summary of published research, not medical advice. See the Disclaimer.
All 366 studies in the study browser
Included: human randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews and meta-analyses on semaglutide indexed in PubMed. A PubMed search on October 15, 2026 returned 703 records. 366 remain after excluding protocols, retractions, comments, papers that did not study semaglutide as the intervention or exposure and trials that measured no effect covered in the article. Below are all 117 reviews and the 25 highest-scored individual studies. The study browser has the rest.
Scores run from 1 to 5 and rate study design only. The rules and reason codes are on Study Scores. Each finding restates the abstract's own conclusion.
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| Score | Study | Design, n | Finding |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5 (MA +large) | Khani, 2026 | Meta-analysis, 8 studies, n=5,916,559 | However, the results were non-significant among overweight or obese individuals (RE, 1.68; 95% CI, 0.72-3.91; I2, 83.98%; P = .23). The current meta-analysis suggests a possible association between semaglutide and risk of... |
| 5 (MA +large) | Chen, 2026 | Meta-analysis, 32 studies, n=47,332 | Tirzepatide reduces hypertension-related adverse events but increases dose-dependent hypotension risk in patients with T2DM or obesity. These distinct hemodynamic safety profiles support individualized treatment decisions based... |
| 5 (MA +large) | Naz, 2026 | Meta-analysis, 2025 studies, n=3,613 | Subcutaneous semaglutide is an effective treatment for weight reduction in adults with overweight or obesity without type 2 diabetes mellitus but is associated with an increased risk of gastrointestinal adverse events,... |
| 5 (MA +large) | Elganyny, 2026 | Meta-analysis, 580 studies, n=430 | Semaglutide is effective and well-tolerated in non-diabetic patients with obesity and CKD, resulting in significant weight loss, better blood pressure control, and improved renal parameters. These findings support its expanded... |
| 5 (MA +large) | Marzano, 2026 | Meta-analysis, 8 studies, n=39,204 | Treatment with semaglutide, compared to placebo, is associated with significant lower incidence of all-cause and CV mortality, as well major CV and kidney events across the continuum of cardio-kidney-metabolic syndrome. |
| 5 (MA +large) | Seighali, 2026 | Meta-analysis, n=26,284 | Oral semaglutide demonstrates meaningful improvements in cardiometabolic outcomes and a favorable safety profile, supporting its use as a non-invasive therapy for obesity and related metabolic disorders. |
| 5 (MA +large) | Ko, 2026 | Meta-analysis, 33 studies, n=21,023 | Stratified analyses demonstrated higher rates of suboptimal outcomes among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), with up to 79.8% not achieving ≥10% weight loss, compared to 30.1% among individuals without T2DM. While... |
| 5 (MA +large) | Saghazadeh, 2026 | Meta-analysis, 23 studies | Our systematic appraisal highlighted high heterogeneity across available original investigations. Within this context, meta-analytic findings suggest that SEMA may be able to promote VAT loss and support cognitive preservation. |
| 5 (MA +large) | Bernardi, 2026 | Meta-analysis, 28 studies, n=34 | In this NMA, tirzepatide appeared to be superior to semaglutide in both body weight reduction and improvement of glycemic indices. |
| 5 (MA +large) | Zhang, 2026 | Meta-analysis, 7 studies, n=5,411 | Both oral and subcutaneous semaglutide significantly improve weight management in non-diabetic adults. While the safety profile is generally acceptable, elevated serious adverse events warrant careful patient selection and monitoring. |
| 5 (MA +large) | Sillassen, 2025 | Meta-analysis, 50 studies, n=54,972 | In patients at increased risk of cardiovascular events, semaglutide reduced the risk of mortality, SAEs, and myocardial infarction but increased the risk of several non-serious gastrointestinal AEs. |
| 5 (MA +large) | Abdullah, 2025 | Meta-analysis, 5 studies, n=12,785 | Semaglutide demonstrates a favourable safety profile and significant cardiorenal benefits in CKD patients, with or without T2DM. Further research is needed to confirm its effects in non-diabetic CKD populations. |
| 5 (MA +large) | Yao, 2025 | Meta-analysis, 17 studies, n=40 | Semaglutide confers robust cardiovascular protection in T2D, with amplified benefits in patients with comorbid CKD. It confers a collective advantage by simultaneously addressing multiple risk factors including blood pressure and... |
| 5 (MA +large) | Bracchiglione, 2025 | Meta-analysis, 18 studies, n=27,949 | Original protocol (10.1002/14651858.CD015092) published in September 2022. The modifications to the original protocol were prospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD420250654193) in February 2025. |
| 5 (MA +large) | Drygalski, 2025 | Meta-analysis, 12 studies, n=6,253 | Both forms of semaglutide effectively improve glycemic control in T2D. Oral semaglutide is noninferior to subcutanous semaglutide in lowering HbA1c level, while subcutaneous semaglutide is superior in weight, BMI, and... |
| 5 (MA +large) | Wu, 2025 | Meta-analysis, 30 studies, n=32,490 | Semaglutide reduces the risk of AF, complete AV block, death from CV causes, and revascularization in patients with T2D, with long-term treatment showing greater benefits for arrhythmic outcomes. |
| 5 (MA +large) | Wu, 2025 | Meta-analysis, 10 studies, n=22,937 | Semaglutide reduces the risk of AF, sinus node dysfunction, acute myocardial infarction, and angina pectoris in patients with overweight or obesity. However, its effects on other arrhythmic, CV, and renal outcomes remain uncertain. |
| 5 (MA +large) | Garbaccio, 2025 | Meta-analysis, 555 studies, n=13,947 | This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors... |
| 5 (MA +large) | Natividade, 2025 | Meta-analysis, 78 studies, n=73 | These findings suggest that semaglutide was not associated with an increased risk of eye disorders or diabetic retinopathy. Despite the fact that an association between semaglutide treatment and NAION was found, current evidence... |
| 5 (MA +large) | Rebelo, 2025 | Meta-analysis, 5 studies, n=13,875 | The meta-analysis revealed that oral semaglutide was cardioprotective in T2DM patients with consistent reductions in cardiovascular event risk. However, the lack of significance in the remaining outcomes underscores the need for... |
| 5 (MA +large) | Li, 2025 | Meta-analysis, 22 studies, n=15,347 | Current evidence suggests that semaglutide can lower SBP and DBP, and increasing the dosage can enhance the blood pressure-lowering effect. |
| 5 (MA +large) | Liu, 2025 | Meta-analysis, 45 studies | Semaglutide is generally cost-effective compared with other glucose-lowering medications in evaluation against within-study willingness-to-pay thresholds; however, results varied by study sponsor type, region, and model... |
| 5 (MA +large) | Hamayal, 2025 | Meta-analysis, 5387 studies | Semaglutide provides significant advantages in terms of lowering the risk of MACE and expanded MACE and could possibly be used as a crucial component of cardiovascular risk management, particularly in populations that respond... |
| 5 (MA +large) | Cleto, 2025 | Meta-analysis, 19 studies, n=1,045 | The use of semaglutide reduced 76% in hospitalization due to HF, 17% deaths due to cardiovascular causes, 21% deaths due to any cause, 24% non-fatal myocardial infarction, 24% coronary revascularization and 35% stroke (in... |
| 5 (MA +large) | Ala, 2025 | Meta-analysis, n=15,312 | Subcutaneous semaglutide can significantly decrease systolic and diastolic blood pressure, particularly in selected groups of patients. |
| 5 (MA +large) | Saglietto, 2024 | Meta-analysis, 10 studies, n=12,651 | Semaglutide significantly reduces the occurrence of incident AF by 42% as compared to placebo in individuals at high CV risk, mainly affected by type 2 diabetes mellitus. This effect appears to be consistent independently of the... |
| 5 (MA +large) | Rivera, 2024 | Meta-analysis, 23 studies, n=57,911 | Semaglutide appears to have a favorable safety profile across diverse patient populations and treatment durations, supporting its continued use in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. It is generally... |
| 5 (MA +large) | Zhang, 2024 | Meta-analysis, n=25,957 | Semaglutide was associated with a reduced risk of AF occurrence in the overall analysis. Favorable outcomes were observed in subsets using other antihyperglycemic medications as controls, in patients with T2DM, and with oral semaglutide. |
| 5 (MA +large) | Kommu, 2024 | Meta-analysis, 9 studies, n=11,641 | This study shows that in patients with overweight or obesity without DM, once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide can significantly decrease body weight without risk of serious adverse events when compared with a placebo. However,... |
| 5 (MA +large) | Barbagelata, 2024 | Meta-analysis, 6 studies, n=28,762 | This meta-analysis demonstrates that the use of semaglutide is associated with a reduction in clinical events related to HF. As HF is a heterogeneous clinical condition, further studies will be necessary to analyze this... |
| 5 (MA +large) | Zhang, 2024 | Meta-analysis, 10 studies, n=9,541 | Severe or symptomatic hypoglycemic episodes were reduced compared to positive control drugs. Oral semaglutide has definite clinical benefits of reducing blood glucose, body weight, reducing the risk of hypoglycemia, and with good safety. |
| 5 (MA +large) | Karagiannis, 2024 | Meta-analysis, 11 studies, n=23,622 | Our data show that s.c. tirzepatide had a more pronounced effect on HbA1c and weight reduction compared with s.c. semaglutide in people with type 2 diabetes. Both drugs, particularly higher doses of tirzepatide, increased... |
| 5 (MA +large) | Masson, 2024 | Meta-analysis, n=34,721 | This updated meta-analysis demonstrates that the use of semaglutide is not associated with an increased risk of acute pancreatitis compared to placebo. In the stratified analysis, the results were similar with the different... |
| 5 (MA +large) | Wu, 2024 | Meta-analysis, 9 studies, n=26,985 | In T2D, SBP decreased significantly in the semaglutide group compared with placebo or other active controls. According to the efficacy results from this meta-analysis, subcutaneous and oral semaglutide have similar SBP-reducing effects. |
| 5 (MA +large) | Ding, 2024 | Meta-analysis, 38 studies, n=34,166 | Both Tir and Sem demonstrated favorable antidiabetic effects and were particularly suitable for T2DM patients who were obese or overweight. Despite a high incidence of GIAEs, their safety profile was deemed acceptable. |
| 5 (MA +large) | Nagendra, 2023 | Meta-analysis, 37 studies, n=16,839 | Semaglutide use in RCTs and real-world studies was not associated with an increased risk of any types of cancer, and this conclusion is supported by a high grade of evidence. |
| 5 (MA +large) | Zhang, 2023 | Meta-analysis, 13 studies, n=5,838 | We recommended semaglutide treatment to be coupled with lifestyle interventions, and target dose of 2·0 mg or more subcutaneously once weekly. Clinicians can choose suitable treatment schemes based on diverse individual... |
| 5 (MA +large) | Li, 2023 | Meta-analysis, 11 studies, n=9,821 | Once-daily semaglutide 7 and 14 mg can significantly lowered HbA1c and body weight in patients with T2DM, and this effect increases with dose. Significantly, more gastrointestinal events occurred with semaglutide 14 mg. |
| 5 (MA +large) | Arastu, 2022 | Meta-analysis, 332 studies, n=2,882 | This systematic review and meta-analysis validates the clinical efficacy of semaglutide for the treatment of obesity in the adult, non-diabetic population. |
| 5 (MA +large) | Wang, 2022 | Meta-analysis, 2021 studies, n=22,096 | Semaglutide was not associated with an increased risk of DR; however, caution regarding DR risk is needed for older patients or those with long diabetes duration when taking semaglutide. |
| 5 (MA +large) | Li, 2021 | Meta-analysis, 10 studies, n=8,536 | Oral semaglutide has favorable efficacy and safety in the treatment of T2DM patients. Oral semaglutide may be superior to liraglutide, dulaglutide, empagliflozin and sitagliptin for T2DM patients who have obesity or poor... |
| 5 (MA +large) | Avgerinos, 2020 | Meta-analysis, 11 studies, n=9,890 | Oral semaglutide can effectively and safely reduce blood glucose, body weight and systolic blood pressure. Nevertheless, it is associated with increased incidence of gastrointestinal adverse events. |
| 5 (MA +large) | Kanters, 2019 | Meta-analysis, 21 studies | Once-weekly semaglutide demonstrated statistically significant and clinically meaningful reductions in HbA1c and body weight in T2D patients inadequately controlled with 1-2 OADs compared to all SGLT-2is licensed in Europe and... |
| 5 (MA +large) | Li, 2018 | Meta-analysis, 11 studies, n=9,519 | This article revealed that semaglutide had a favourable efficacy and safety in treating T2DM patients. It maybe a superior choice for T2DM patients who have obesity or a poor adherence to daily AHAs. |
| 4 (MA) | Kow, 2026 | Meta-analysis, 6 studies, n=1,776 | Weight regain after discontinuation of semaglutide or tirzepatide was rapid and clinically meaningful. Because estimates beyond 52 weeks were model-based extrapolations, they should be interpreted cautiously. |
| 4 (MA) | Paccola, 2026 | Meta-analysis, 10 studies, n=41 | Overall and gastrointestinal adverse events were similar between groups. Tirzepatide was associated with greater weight reduction, greater glycaemic benefit and a higher likelihood of achieving weight-loss thresholds than... |
| 4 (SR +large) | La Vignera, 2026 | Systematic review, 2020 studies | The limited literature emphasizes flexible dosing schedules tailored to individual patient preferences and lifestyles to maximize adherence. Future prospective studies are needed to systematically evaluate whether administration... |
| 4 (MA) | Bhaduri, 2026 | Meta-analysis | However, the certainty of evidence was limited by substantial heterogeneity, risk of bias and reliance on heterogeneous data sources, including spontaneous-reporting studies. These findings are reassuring but should be... |
| 4 (MA) | Khan, 2026 | Meta-analysis | Semaglutide demonstrates promising efficacy for NASH resolution and meaningful metabolic improvement with an overall acceptable safety profile. Its effect on fibrosis remains uncertain, and longer-term, adequately powered trials... |
| 4 (MA) | Ceravolo, 2026 | Meta-analysis, 6 studies, n=4,216 | Between-study heterogeneity was low for primary outcomes, and sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the pooled estimates, while meta-regression analyses did not identify significant modification of treatment effects by... |
| 4 (MA) | Peng, 2026 | Meta-analysis, 10 studies | Semaglutide effectively resolves steatohepatitis and improves biochemical and imaging markers. However, its anti-fibrotic efficacy appears stage-dependent and time-dependent, with significant histological reversal primarily... |
| 4 (MA) | Hamarsheh, 2026 | Meta-analysis, 5 studies | Tirzepatide 15 mg and CagriSema achieve the greatest weight reduction, including ≥ 20% body weight loss. Gastrointestinal adverse events rise with treatment intensity, while serious adverse events remain comparable to placebo. |
| 4 (MA +large -nonRCT) | Lampsas, 2026 | Meta-analysis, 12 studies, n=14,255,247 | This meta-analysis indicates a significant association between semaglutide use and NAION in patients with T2DM compared to non-GLP-1RAs, with this association remaining significant even after 5-years of semaglutide use. |
| 4 (MA) | Ciudin, 2026 | Meta-analysis, 6 studies | In this NMA, tirzepatide 10 and 15 mg were associated with improved efficacy versus liraglutide, improved or comparable efficacy versus semaglutide, and all interventions had a generally comparable safety profile for achieving... |
| 4 (MA) | Zufry, 2026 | Meta-analysis, 12 studies | Tirzepatide was associated with numerically greater weight loss across available studies, though high heterogeneity and observational data limit causal inference. These findings suggest tirzepatide may represent a more potent... |
| 4 (SR +large) | Chen, 2026 | Systematic review, 29 studies | MBS demonstrated relatively sustained weight loss (> 10% maintained at 5-10 years), although RCT evidence was limited. These findings highlight the need for long-term, structured maintenance strategies and further high-quality... |
| 4 (MA) | Liu, 2026 | Meta-analysis, 8 studies, n=31 | The absolute rate of NAION in semaglutide users is low. Our novel, stratified analysis provides a more nuanced interpretation than previous pooled reviews, isolating a potential increased risk signal to observational data in the... |
| 4 (MA) | Eisa, 2026 | Meta-analysis, 5 studies | Semaglutide confers robust, consistent multisystem benefits-including cardiovascular, hepatic, and renal protection-supporting its role as a transformative, disease-modifying therapy for metabolic disease beyond diabetes and... |
| 4 (MA) | Chen, 2026 | Meta-analysis, 10 studies | Semaglutide use shows association with increased NAION risk, particularly with prolonged exposure and in patients with predisposing factors. Risk-benefit assessment and targeted ophthalmologic monitoring are recommended while... |
| 4 (MA) | Dutta, 2025 | Meta-analysis, 8 studies | In adults with T1D having overweight or obesity, short-term semaglutide effectively promotes weight loss, improves glycemic control, and reduces insulin requirements. More long-term randomized controlled trials with a diverse... |
| 4 (MA) | Osorio Manyari, 2025 | Meta-analysis, 8 studies, n=964 | The percentage total weight loss (%TWL) was - 10.97% [95% CI, - 13.41 to - 8.53; p < 0.05] for semaglutide and - 13.63% [95% CI, - 22.59 to - 4.67; p < 0.05] for tirzepatide. The evidence suggests that semaglutide and tirzepatide... |
| 4 (MA +large -few) | Sadraei, 2025 | Meta-analysis, 4 studies, n=27,617 | Semaglutide effectively reduces the risk of MACE and modestly improves cardiovascular mortality rates and nonfatal myocardial infarction, without significantly affecting nonfatal stroke incidence and hospitalizations (for angina... |
| 4 (MA) | Chen, 2025 | Meta-analysis, 8 studies, n=526 | Semaglutide significantly improves BMI and lipid profiles in PCOS, particularly at higher doses, and in obese patients. Further long-term studies are needed to confirm safety and reproductive outcomes. |
| 4 (MA) | Zufry, 2025 | Meta-analysis, 5 studies, n=2,614 | Semaglutide 2.4 mg significantly improves weight-related and cardiometabolic outcomes in Asian adults with overweight or obesity. Further studies are warranted to assess long-term effects, real-world applicability and variability... |
| 4 (MA) | Jamialahamdi, 2025 | Meta-analysis, 6 studies, n=300 | The current data encourages the use of semaglutide for managing WG or IWL post-bariatric surgery. |
| 4 (MA) | Safwan, 2025 | Meta-analysis, n=26 | Compared to placebo, both Semaglutide and tirzepatide are associated with increased GI adverse outcomes, with most cases being mild. Clinicians should carefully monitor patients for potential adverse outcomes. |
| 4 (MA +large -nonRCT) | Wen, 2025 | Meta-analysis, 8 studies, n=28,827 | Current literature supports tirzepatide demonstrating a higher impact on weight loss than semaglutide, with both demonstrating high rates of minimal- to moderate-severity AEs. Further research with comparative head-to-head trials... |
| 4 (MA) | Chen, 2025 | Meta-analysis, 7 studies, n=2,354 | The combination treatment of semaglutide and basal insulin demonstrates significant improvements in glycemic control and reduction in body weight, without an increased risk of hypoglycemia. Our findings provided support for the... |
| 4 (MA) | Zhang, 2024 | Meta-analysis | The efficacy of semaglutide in glucose control was investigated using the model-based meta-analysis method, which yields new insights into the treatment of T2DM with semaglutide. |
| 4 (SR +large) | Asiabar, 2024 | Systematic review, 32 studies | The current systematic review showed that semaglutide provides more QALYs and creates more costs in comparison with phentermine-topiramate, phentermine, and naltrexone-bupropion. Semaglutide may be cost-effective with substantial... |
| 4 (SR +large) | Yang, 2024 | Systematic review, 17 studies | This review encompasses all the pharmacokinetic data for subcutaneous and oral semaglutide in both healthy and diseased participants. The existing pharmacokinetic data can assist in developing and evaluating pharmacokinetic... |
| 4 (MA) | Huang, 2024 | Meta-analysis | The frequency of GIAEs in using semaglutide was observed to be elevated in comparison to the control group. However, it was comparable to other glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist or low-dose treatment regimens. |
| 4 (SR +large) | Feier, 2024 | Systematic review, 10 studies, n=14,550 | Despite the prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms, semaglutide remains an efficacious option for managing diabetes and obesity. The detailed characterization of adverse events underscores the importance of monitoring and... |
| 4 (SR +large) | Bikou, 2024 | Systematic review, 2016 studies | Semaglutide displays potential for weight loss primarily through fat mass reduction. However, concerns arise from notable reductions in lean mass, especially in trials with a larger number of patients. |
| 4 (MA) | Dorneles, 2024 | Meta-analysis, n=155 | This up-to-date systematic review highlights that once-weekly semaglutide treatment resulted in clinically important weight loss, becoming a promising adjuvant therapy for obesity. |
| 4 (MA) | Müllertz, 2024 | Meta-analysis, 7 studies | The adverse events related to semaglutide and tirzepatide were primarily of mild-to-moderate severity and mostly gastrointestinal, which was more frequent during the dose-titration period and leveled off during the treatment... |
| 4 (MA) | Qin, 2024 | Meta-analysis, 6 studies | In overweight or obese non-diabetic individuals, semaglutide had a remarkable and sustained weight loss effect that was well tolerated and safe. |
| 4 (MA) | Bandyopadhyay, 2023 | Meta-analysis, 6 studies | Treatment with 24 weeks of semaglutide could significantly improve liver enzymes, reduce liver stiffness, and improve metabolic parameters in patients with NAFLD/NASH. However, the gastrointestinal adverse effects could be a major concern. |
| 4 (MA) | Stretton, 2023 | Meta-analysis, 5 studies | In the identified studies, multiple dosing regimens were utilised for semaglutide. Randomised trials support the superior efficacy of semaglutide over other GLP-1 RAs with respect to weight loss in T2D, but tirzepatide is more... |
| 4 (MA) | Zaazouee, 2022 | Meta-analysis, 6 studies | Tirzepatide, oral and SC semaglutide has a favourable efficacy in treating T2DM. The adverse events were comparable to placebo; however, gastrointestinal adverse events were highly recorded in tirzepatide, oral and SC semaglutide groups. |
| 4 (MA) | Husain, 2022 | Meta-analysis | These findings indicate that the CV outcomes for semaglutide were similar regardless of baseline metformin use, which may also apply to all GLP-1RAs. Trial registration SUSTAIN 6 (NCT01720446), PIONEER 6 (NCT02692716). |
| 4 (MA) | Lingvay, 2022 | Meta-analysis, 7 studies | This ITC demonstrated significantly greater reductions from baseline in HbA1c and body weight with semaglutide 2.0 mg vs dulaglutide 3.0 mg and 4.5 mg. The findings of this study provide important comparative effectiveness... |
| 4 (MA) | Yin, 2021 | Meta-analysis | Semaglutide has a good safety profile in general and reduces atrial fibrillation by 31%, but increases diarrhoea by 166% and deep vein thrombosis by 266%. These findings may guide that semaglutide should be preferred or avoided... |
| 4 (MA) | Lingvay, 2020 | Meta-analysis, 8 studies, n=25 | This indirect comparison suggests that OW semaglutide 1 mg provides superior reductions in HbA1c and body weight vs OD empagliflozin 25 mg in patients with T2D when added to metformin monotherapy. |
| 4 (MA) | Mishriky, 2019 | Meta-analysis, 5 studies | While both once-weekly semaglutide and other incretin-based therapies can reduce haemoglobin A1c, semaglutide causes a more potent haemoglobin A1c reduction and greater weight loss when compared to other incretin-based therapies.... |
| 4 (MA) | Sharma, 2018 | Meta-analysis, 8 studies | Once-weekly semaglutide treatment is significantly better compared to SGLT-2is in achieving adequate glycemic control in T2D patients inadequately controlled with metformin monotherapy. |
| 4 (MA) | Andreadis, 2018 | Meta-analysis, 7 studies | Semaglutide is a potent once-weekly GLP-1 RA, significantly reducing HbA1c, body weight and systolic blood pressure. However, it is associated with increased incidence of gastrointestinal adverse events. |
| 3 (MA -few) | Pałka, 2026 | Meta-analysis, 3 studies | GLP-1 and GLP-1/GIP receptor agonists produce clinically meaningful weight loss vs. placebo over ≥ 1 year. Semaglutide 7.2 mg consistently ranks above 2.4 mg, but the average incremental benefit (~ 2-3% points) appears modest and... |
| 3 (SR) | Bidesie, 2026 | Systematic review | Clinicians should remain vigilant for thiamine deficiency in patients with persistent gastrointestinal intolerance or rapid weight loss during GLP-1 treatment, as early parenteral thiamine administration is essential to prevent... |
| 3 (MA -few) | Eisa, 2026 | Meta-analysis, 4 studies, n=4,182 | The available randomised evidence comes from the semaglutide development programme. Semaglutide statistically improves patient-reported outcomes, but average functional gains are modest and should be communicated cautiously. |
| 3 (MA -nonRCT) | Chrzanowski, 2026 | Meta-analysis, 7 studies | Our findings suggest a possible association between semaglutide use and an increased risk of NAION in patients with T2DM. Although the absolute risk is low, clinicians should be aware of this potential adverse event, particularly... |
| 3 (MA -few) | Ahmed, 2026 | Meta-analysis, 3 studies | Cagrisema is more effective than semaglutide in reducing weight and increasing glycemic control. Cagrisema is safe and has a comparable side effect profile to currently accepted treatments. |
| 3 (MA -few) | Gadelmawla, 2026 | Meta-analysis, 4 studies | CagriSema therapy was associated with superior weight reduction compared with semaglutide or placebo. In conclusion, CagriSema achieves greater weight loss than semaglutide or placebo but increases gastrointestinal adverse... |
| 3 (MA -nonRCT) | Abdelaal, 2026 | Meta-analysis, 6 studies | Across observational studies comparing semaglutide with non-GLP-1 RA therapies, pooled adjusted evidence does not demonstrate a consistent overall increase in NAION risk. However, estimates are limited by substantial... |
| 3 (MA -few) | Musso, 2026 | Meta-analysis, 3 studies, n=2,086 | T2DM modifies fibrosis response to semaglutide and resmetirom in noncirrhotic MASH. |
| 3 (SR +large -few) | Jansson, 2026 | Systematic review, 3 studies, n=50,690 | Only 2/41 studies (≈5%) reported or assessed dietary intake or evaluated diet changes secondary to GLP-1/GIP RA medication use. This review highlights a major gap in the evidence requiring urgent attention. |
| 3 (SR) | Mandal, 2026 | Systematic review, 5 studies | The limited number of available studies precludes firm conclusions nevertheless current evidence does not indicate a consistent increased risk of major congenital malformations associated with semaglutide exposure. |
| 3 (SR) | Carminati, 2026 | Systematic review | Similar findings, though preliminary, have been observed for the treatment of alcohol and substance use disorder. The use of SEM in mood disorders, in particular depression, is still controversial. |
| 3 (SR) | Alshehri, 2025 | Systematic review, 8 studies | This review highlights the need for large-scale, long-term studies to establish standardized protocols and assess the safety and efficacy of GLP-1 in managing GDM, potentially expanding therapeutic options for this condition. |
| 3 (MA -few) | Miranda, 2025 | Meta-analysis, 4 studies | These findings highlight a potential mechanism for semaglutide cardiovascular risk reduction, given the link between improved lipid profiles and lower cardiovascular risk. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO registration: CRD42025100858. |
| 3 (SR) | Hu, 2025 | Systematic review, 7 studies | Semaglutide shows significant weight loss and health benefits in non-diabetic obesity. However, Recent studies show semaglutide can cause NAION and erectile dysfunction, beyond previously reported adverse reactions. |
| 3 (MA -few) | Hashmi, 2025 | Meta-analysis, 3 studies, n=922 | The risk of severe adverse effects (OR, 1.66; 95% CI, 0.53-5.16; p = 0.38) and gastrointestinal adverse effects (OR, 1.84; 95% CI, 0.82-4.14; p = 0.14) was comparable between both groups. Once-weekly semaglutide therapy results... |
| 3 (MA -few) | Sobral, 2025 | Meta-analysis, 3 studies, n=1,463 | These findings suggest that the use of semaglutide is associated with clinical and laboratory benefits in patients with HFpEF. |
| 3 (MA -few) | Kennedy, 2024 | Meta-analysis, 3 studies, n=3,136 | This IPD analysis of three large RCTs found blood pressure reductions with semaglutide in participants with hypertension that were similar to those seen in all trial participants. This finding may in part be due to concurrent... |
| 3 (SR) | Singh, 2024 | Systematic review, 10 studies | Oral semaglutide exhibited a reasonable reduction in HbA1c and weight in people with T2D, consistent with the findings from PIONEER trials. While no new safety issues emerged, the inherent limitations of RWS underscore the... |
| 3 (MA -few) | Moiz, 2024 | Meta-analysis, 4 studies | The risk of gastrointestinal adverse events was higher in participants who took semaglutide than placebo (RR 1:47, 95% CI 1.28 to 1.68); however, the majority of these events were transient and mild-to-moderate in severity and... |
| 3 (MA -few) | Zhu, 2023 | Meta-analysis, 3 studies, n=458 | Semaglutide is effective in the treatment of NAFLD while maintaining a well-tolerated safety profile. Future studies are required to evaluate its effects on fibrosis regression and different phases of NAFLD. |
| 3 (MA -few) | Patel, 2023 | Meta-analysis, 3 studies, n=2,401 | The administration of once-weekly Semaglutide exhibited a substantial reduction in HbA1c, average systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP), body weight, waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), and a... |
| 3 (MA -few) | Patoulias, 2023 | Meta-analysis, 3 studies, n=3,760 | Semaglutide is more effective than rest GLP-1RAs, in terms of improvement in glycemia and other cardio-metabolic risk factors, among individuals with T2DM. |
| 3 (SR) | Ruan, 2023 | Systematic review, 8 studies | This systematic literature review provided complementary evidence to findings from the clinical trials and provided a more comprehensive picture of the use of O.W. semaglutide in routine clinical practice. Results of the review... |
| 3 (MA -few) | Tan, 2022 | Meta-analysis, 4 studies, n=3,613 | Among individuals with obesity without type 2 diabetes, subcutaneous semaglutide is effective for weight loss with an 11.85% reduction from baseline compared to placebo. This supports the use of semaglutide for weight management in obesity. |
| 3 (MA -few) | Dutta, 2022 | Meta-analysis, 4 studies, n=2,115 | This meta-analysis provides reassuring data on efficacy of low dose semaglutide injections in improving ALT and certain radiologic features in MAFLD. Current conclusions are limited by small number of patients evaluated. Urgent... |
| 3 (MA -few) | Zhong, 2022 | Meta-analysis, 4 studies, n=3,447 | Among adults with overweight or obesity, once-weekly semaglutide could result in clinically meaningful weight loss, which was a promising therapy for treating overweight or obesity. |
| 3 (SR) | Ruan, 2021 | Systematic review, 11 studies | General characteristics and main results of the included studies were summarized.Expert opinion: This review provided references for other countries to overview the value of once-weekly semaglutide compared with other GLP-1 RAs... |
| 3 (SR) | Morales, 2020 | Systematic review | Such considerations include dosing conditions and use of concomitant medications. This article provides practical guidance on the use of oral semaglutide in the primary care setting, based on evidence from clinical studies,... |
| 2 (SR -few) | Singh, 2025 | Systematic review, 3 studies | Tirzepatide 10 and 15 mg are more effective and have fewer GI S/E than semaglutide 2.4 mg. A well-powered head-to-head RCT is currently needed to confirm these findings. |
| 1 (SR -few -nonRCT) | Tipa, 2024 | Systematic review, 2 studies | Even though this medication seems promising, there are significant limitations, one of which is the lack of studies on human subjects. Therefore, this review aims to gather current evidence. |
| Score | Study | Design, n | Finding |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5 (RCT +blind +n200) | Buse, 2026 | RCT, n=603 | Cagrilintide-semaglutide (2·4 mg each) was superior to semaglutide 2·4 mg in reducing HbA1c in participants with type 2 diabetes receiving metformin with or without an SGLT2 inhibitor. The safety profile of... |
| 5 (RCT +blind +n200) | Tuttle, 2026 | RCT, n=2,000 | Semaglutide improved kidney and survival outcomes in type 2 diabetes with CKD, irrespective of established ASCVD, heart failure, or high total cardiovascular disease risk. (Evaluate Renal Function with Semaglutide Once Weekly... |
| 5 (RCT +blind +n200) | Helsted, 2026 | RCT, n=2,024 | 6 weeks of subcutaneous GIP infusion as add-on to placebo or semaglutide did not improve glycaemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes at the prespecified target of 1·50 mmol/L. Due to dropouts, we cannot draw firm... |
| 5 (RCT +blind +n200) | Klausen, 2026 | RCT, n=2,025 | Semaglutide showed robust therapeutic effects in treatment-seeking participants with obesity and alcohol use disorder and this trial supports previous preclinical and clinical findings suggesting GLP-1 receptor agonists as a... |
| 5 (RCT +blind +n200) | Mulvagh, 2026 | RCT, n=9,650 | In this post hoc secondary analysis of the SOUL randomized clinical trial, oral semaglutide was associated with early and sustained improvements vs placebo in multiple ASCVD risk factors in high-risk participants with T2D and... |
| 5 (RCT +blind +n200) | Cummings, 2026 | RCT, n=928 | Oral semaglutide was not efficacious in slowing clinical progression in participants with early Alzheimer's disease. Safety and tolerability of semaglutide in early Alzheimer's disease is consistent with studies in other indications. |
| 5 (RCT +blind +n200) | Heymsfield, 2026 | RCT, n=507 | Bimagrumab plus semaglutide resulted in substantial reductions in body weight, and safety was consistent with the known safety profiles of both drugs. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05616013 . |
| 5 (RCT +blind +n200) | Pop-Busui, 2026 | RCT, n=9,650 | In this secondary analysis of the SOUL randomized clinical trial, among individuals with T2D, atherosclerotic CV disease, and/or chronic kidney disease, a reduction of HF events was observed with use of oral semaglutide compared... |
| 5 (RCT +blind +n200) | Mann, 2026 | RCT, n=9,650 | In people with T2D and ASCVD and/or CKD but with overall mostly preserved eGFR, orally administered semaglutide, compared with placebo, did not significantly reduce adverse kidney outcomes but did slow the decline in eGFR. |
| 5 (RCT +blind +n200) | Nitze, 2026 | RCT, n=268 | NITs may be used for assessing a treatment response in patients with MASH. Further studies should confirm the treatment effect of NITs and evaluate the association of NIT changes to outcomes. |
| 5 (RCT +blind +n200) | Pandey, 2025 | RCT, n=573 | In patients with HFpEF enrolled across the STEP-HFpEF and STEP-HFpEF DM trials, treatment with semaglutide improved disease-specific symptoms, physical function and reduced body weight across the age spectrum. The safety profile... |
| 5 (RCT +blind +n200) | Borlaug, 2025 | RCT, n=1,145 | In patients with obesity-related HFpEF, impaired 6MWD is most strongly associated with excess adiposity, congestion, and inflammation. Semaglutide-mediated improvements in HF-related symptoms, physical limitations, and exercise... |
| 5 (RCT +blind +n200) | Lingvay, 2025 | RCT, n=307 | Among people with obesity and type 2 diabetes, semaglutide 7·2 mg was superior to placebo in reducing bodyweight, waist circumference, and HbA1c. Safety and tolerability were comparable between semaglutide 7·2 mg and 2·4 mg,... |
| 5 (RCT +blind +n200) | Wharton, 2025 | RCT, n=1,005 | Semaglutide 7·2 mg was superior to placebo and 2·4 mg for bodyweight reduction in adults with obesity, while retaining a favourable risk-benefit profile. |
| 5 (RCT +blind +n200) | Pandey, 2025 | RCT, n=1,145 | Semaglutide resulted in a similar reduction in BW across frailty subgroups but greater improvements in HF-related symptoms. Moreover, semaglutide reduced frailty burden after 52 weeks of treatment. (Research Study to Investigate... |
| 5 (RCT +blind +n200) | Wharton, 2025 | RCT, n=205 | Oral semaglutide at a dose of 25 mg once daily resulted in a greater mean reduction in body weight than placebo in participants with overweight or obesity. (Funded by Novo Nordisk; OASIS 4 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT05564117.). |
| 5 (RCT +blind +n200) | Lim, 2025 | RCT, n=2,023 | In this Asian population with obesity (BMI ≥25·0 kg/m2), once-weekly semaglutide 2·4 mg significantly reduced bodyweight and was well tolerated. The results have meaningful clinical and policy implications for Asian countries,... |
| 5 (RCT +blind +n200) | Rossing, 2025 | RCT, n=257 | In participants with T2D and CKD, consistent benefits of semaglutide on major kidney outcomes, MACE, and all-cause mortality were observed regardless of baseline MRA use. |
| 5 (RCT +blind +n200) | Garvey, 2025 | RCT, n=3,417 | Cagrilintide-semaglutide provided significant and clinically relevant body-weight reductions in adults with overweight or obesity, as compared with placebo. (Funded by Novo Nordisk; REDEFINE 1 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT05567796.). |
| 5 (RCT +blind +n200) | Davies, 2025 | RCT, n=1,206 | Once-weekly cagrilintide-semaglutide (at a dose of 2.4 mg each) resulted in a significantly lower body weight than placebo in adults with obesity and type 2 diabetes. (Funded by Novo Nordisk; REDEFINE 2 ClinicalTrials.gov number,... |
| 5 (RCT +blind +n200) | Sanyal, 2025 | RCT, n=1,197 | In patients with MASH and moderate or advanced liver fibrosis, once-weekly semaglutide at a dose of 2.4 mg improved liver histologic results. (Funded by Novo Nordisk; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04822181.). |
| 5 (RCT +blind +n200) | Aroda, 2025 | RCT, n=245 | Higher semaglutide doses for type 2 diabetes and overweight or obesity provide modest additional glucose-lowering effect, with additional weight loss, at the expense of more AEs and treatment discontinuations. A study for... |
| 5 (RCT +blind +n200) | Bonaca, 2025 | RCT, n=396 | Semaglutide increased walking distance in patients with symptomatic peripheral artery disease and type 2 diabetes. Research implications include the need for future studies to further elucidate mechanisms of benefit and to assess... |
| 5 (RCT +blind +n200) | McGuire, 2025 | RCT, n=9,650 | Among persons with type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, or both, the use of oral semaglutide was associated with a significantly lower risk of major adverse cardiovascular events... |
| 5 (RCT +blind +n200) | Marx, 2025 | RCT, n=2,596 | Oral semaglutide reduced major adverse cardiovascular event outcomes independently of concomitant SGLT2i treatment, and this combination appeared to be safe. |