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All 216 studies in the study browser
Included: human randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews and meta-analyses on magnesium indexed in PubMed. A PubMed search on October 15, 2026 returned 593 records. 216 remain after excluding protocols, retractions, comments, papers that did not study magnesium as the intervention or exposure and trials that measured no effect covered in the article. Below are all 64 reviews and the 25 highest-scored individual studies. The study browser has the rest.
Scores run from 1 to 5 and rate study design only. The rules and reason codes are on Study Scores. Each finding restates the abstract's own conclusion.
Back to Magnesium
| Score | Study | Design, n | Finding |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5 (MA +large) | Mohammadi, 2026 | Meta-analysis, 78 studies | Conclusions: Mg supplementation was associated with significant improvements in several CMRFs, including body weight, lipid and glycemic profiles, blood pressure, and interleukin-6 levels. However, these effects were generally... |
| 5 (MA +large) | Maqrashi, 2025 | Meta-analysis, 23 studies, n=1,345 | Additionally, Mg supplementation was linked to lower diastolic blood pressure and potential improvements in lipid profile. This review highlights the importance of considering patient characteristics, dosage and intervention... |
| 5 (MA +large) | Amer, 2025 | Meta-analysis, 40 studies | Ca++ and Mg++ significantly reduced DBP but had no significant effect on SBP or the pulse rate. Whereas, vitamin D significantly reduced SBP and DBP. |
| 5 (MA +large) | Li, 2024 | Meta-analysis, 1113 studies | There has been uncertainty regarding the best method to prevent CIN. Our results highlight the potentially protective effect of magnesium supplementation during hydration. This study is registered in PROSPERO, CRD42020212682. |
| 5 (MA +large) | Veronese, 2022 | Meta-analysis, 23 studies, n=889 | In descriptive findings, Mg supplementation significantly reduced plasma fibrinogen, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase type 5, tumor necrosis factor-ligand superfamily member 13B, ST2 protein, and IL-1. In conclusion, Mg... |
| 5 (MA +large) | Talebi, 2022 | Meta-analysis, 18 studies, n=927 | In addition, based on dose-response assessment, no significant non-linear association was found between magnesium supplementation dosage or duration on serum CRP and IL-6 concentrations. The findings of the present systematic... |
| 5 (MA +large) | Dehbalaei, 2021 | Meta-analysis, 2020 studies, n=119 | Our meta-analysis indicated that the co-supplementation with magnesium and vitamin E resulted in a significant decrease in FPG, Insulin, HOMA-IR, TG, LDL-C. Moreover, no significant effects on the body weight, BMI and HDL were... |
| 5 (MA +large) | Rosanoff, 2021 | Meta-analysis, 20 studies | Where magnesium did not lower BP, other cardiovascular risk factors showed improvement. Conclusion: Controlled Hypertensives and Normotensives do not show a BP-lowering effect with oral Mg therapy, but oral magnesium (≥240... |
| 5 (MA +large) | Rafiee, 2021 | Meta-analysis, 2020 studies, n=2,013 | The results suggest that Mg supplementation is associated with lower WC only in obese subjects. However, more high-quality studies are needed to clarify the nature of this association. |
| 5 (MA +large) | Asbaghi, 2021 | Meta-analysis, 2019 studies | Based on the findings, Mg supplementation has beneficial effects on BP in type 2 diabetes patients independent of body weight status. However, further investigations are needed to provide more reliable evidences. |
| 5 (MA +large) | Verma, 2017 | Meta-analysis, 2016 studies | Magnesium supplementation can produce a favourable effect on FPG, HDL, LDL, TG and SBP. Therefore, magnesium supplementation may decrease the risk T2D associated cardiovascular diseases, although future large RCTs are needed for... |
| 5 (MA +large) | Zhang, 2016 | Meta-analysis, 34 studies, n=2,028 | Our findings indicate a causal effect of Mg supplementation on lowering BPs in adults. Further well-designed trials are warranted to validate the BP-lowering efficacy of optimal Mg treatment. |
| 5 (MA +large) | Fang, 2016 | Meta-analysis, 3002 studies, n=449,748 | Although the combined data confirm the role of dietary magnesium intake in reducing CVD mortality, the dose-response relationship was only found among women and in US population. |
| 5 (MA +large) | Zhang, 2016 | Meta-analysis, 48 studies | This meta-analysis of RCTs demonstrated significant dose- and time responses of circulating Mg concentration and 24-h urine Mg excretion to oral Mg supplementation. |
| 5 (MA +large) | Makrides, 2014 | Meta-analysis, 10 studies, n=9,090 | When an analysis was restricted to these two trials none of the review's primary outcomes (perinatal mortality, small-for-gestational age, pre-eclampsia) were significantly different between the magnesium supplemented and control... |
| 5 (MA +large) | Rosanoff, 2013 | Meta-analysis, 44 studies, n=135 | Using non-uniform sets of studies, the small effects reported in previous meta-analyses may reflect a blending of dissimilar studies, which acted to seriously underestimate the potential of Mg in hypertension in some (but not... |
| 5 (MA +large) | Del Gobbo, 2013 | Meta-analysis, 2303 studies, n=313,041 | Circulating and dietary magnesium are inversely associated with CVD risk, which supports the need for clinical trials to evaluate the potential role of magnesium in the prevention of CVD and IHD. |
| 5 (MA +large) | Lee, 2013 | Meta-analysis, 121 studies, n=348 | Compared with placebo, magnesium supplementation decreased the incidence of arrhythmia after CPB in pediatric patients by 66 % (RR, 0.34; 95 % CI, 0.18-0.65; P = 0.001), with no heterogeneity between trials (heterogeneity P =... |
| 5 (MA +large) | Kass, 2012 | Meta-analysis, 22 studies | Although not all individual trials showed significance in BP reduction, combining all trials did show a decrease in SBP of 3-4 mm Hg and DBP of 2-3 mm Hg, which further increased with crossover designed trials and intake... |
| 5 (MA +large) | Jee, 2002 | Meta-analysis, 20 studies, n=1,220 | Our meta-analysis detected dose-dependent BP reductions from magnesium supplementation. However, adequately powered trials with sufficiently high doses of magnesium supplements need to be performed to confirm this relationship. |
| 4 (MA) | Ye, 2026 | Meta-analysis, 11 studies, n=618 | Further large-scale, well-designed trials are needed to clarify long-term benefits and optimal supplementation strategies. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable. |
| 4 (MA) | Argeros, 2025 | Meta-analysis, 8 studies, n=2,709 | Our findings support the beneficial effect of magnesium on reducing BP among populations with hypertension and hypomagnesemia, although effects should be interpreted with caution due to high heterogeneity of studies. Larger,... |
| 4 (MA) | Hariri, 2025 | Meta-analysis, 5 studies | Our study showed that magnesium significantly increased HDL-C levels. However, due to high heterogeneity, we must note that more research is needed to make robust recommendations regarding magnesium supplementation in clinical practice. |
| 4 (MA) | Behers, 2024 | Meta-analysis | Both supplements demonstrated greater reductions in SBP for the general population at lower dosages and longer treatment durations. Future studies are needed to validate these findings and provide tailored recommendations. |
| 4 (SR +large) | Tarsitano, 2024 | Systematic review, 1254 studies | To reach these positive effects, individuals engaged in intense exercise should have a Mg requirement 10-20% higher than sedentary people, to be taken in capsules and 2 h before training. Moreover, it is suggested to maintain... |
| 4 (MA) | Luo, 2024 | Meta-analysis, 5 studies, n=266 | Magnesium supplementation may be effective for the treatment of gestational diabetes without taking insulin treatment. |
| 4 (MA) | Heidari, 2022 | Meta-analysis, 10 studies, n=504 | No significant effect was found on HDL-c, glycemic indices, hormonal profile, anthropometric measurements, and other biomarkers of inflammation or oxidative stress. This meta-analysis highlights the potential anti-hyperlipidemic,... |
| 4 (SR +large) | Li, 2022 | Systematic review, 363 studies | The effect of magnesium and melatonin supplementation on the markers of metabolism needs to be further verified. PROSPERO https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/#myprospero, CRD42022303410. |
| 4 (MA) | Asbaghi, 2022 | Meta-analysis | Oral Mg supplementation could have an effect on glycaemic control in T2DM patients. However, the clinical trials so far are not sufficient to make guidelines for clinical practice. |
| 4 (MA) | Guo, 2022 | Meta-analysis, 8 studies, n=309 | Our results showed that Mg supplementation alone could improve CKD-MBD by regulating serum Ca and PTH metabolism and decreasing CIMT among HD patients. |
| 4 (MA) | Veronese, 2021 | Meta-analysis | Mg supplementation appears to have a beneficial role and improves glucose parameters in people with diabetes. Moreover, our work indicates that Mg supplementation may improve insulin-sensitivity parameters in those at high risk of diabetes. |
| 4 (SR +large) | Pardo, 2021 | Systematic review, 433 studies | All magnesium dietary supplements can maintain physiological levels in healthy people without prior deficit, although this cannot be assured in older people or those with illnesses or previous subphysiological levels. |
| 4 (MA +large -nonRCT) | Bagheri, 2021 | Meta-analysis, n=1,168,756 | Supplemental and total magnesium intakes were not associated with the risk of all-cause, CVD, and cancer mortality. These findings indicate that consumption of magnesium from dietary sources may be beneficial in reducing... |
| 4 (MA) | Asbaghi, 2021 | Meta-analysis | Mg supplementation has a beneficial effect on lowering LDL level in T2DM patients. However, we have to note that any research performed so far is not sufficient for making robust guidelines to use Mg supplementation in clinical practice. |
| 4 (MA) | Marques, 2020 | Meta-analysis | This meta-analysis suggest that oral Mg supplementation may improve endothelial function when conducted at least for 6 months and in unhealthy, overweight or older individuals. Registration number: PROSPERO CRD42019111462. |
| 4 (MA) | Ferreira, 2019 | Meta-analysis, 11 studies | We identified seven systematic reviews which included 11 primary studies of which one was a randomized trial. Our conclusion is that the use of magnesium and malic acid in patients with fibromyalgia makes little or no difference... |
| 4 (MA) | Darooghegi Mofrad, 2018 | Meta-analysis, 7 studies, n=306 | Magnesium supplementation may improve endothelial function without affecting carotid intima media thickness. |
| 4 (SR +large) | van Dronkelaar, 2018 | Systematic review, 3346 studies | Minerals may be important nutrients to prevent and/or treat sarcopenia. Particularly, magnesium, selenium, and calcium seem to be most promising. |
| 4 (MA) | Wang, 2017 | Meta-analysis, n=215 | The results of the meta-analysis suggested that no significant improvements in the supplementation group were observed regarding isokinetic peak torque extension [WMD = 0.87; 95% CI = (-1.43, 3.18)], muscle strength [WMD = 0.87;... |
| 4 (MA) | Dibaba, 2017 | Meta-analysis, 11 studies, n=543 | The weighted overall effects indicated that the magnesium-supplementation group had a significantly greater reduction in both SBP (SMD: -0.20; 95% CI: -0.37, -0.03) and DBP (SMD: -0.27; 95% CI: -0.52, -0.03) than did the control... |
| 4 (MA) | Simental-Mendia, 2017 | Meta-analysis, 11 studies | Results of the present meta-analysis indicated that magnesium supplementation reduces CRP levels among individuals with inflammation (CRP levels > 3 mg/dL). This finding suggests that magnesium supplements may have a beneficial... |
| 4 (SR +large) | Boyle, 2017 | Systematic review, 18 studies | Existing evidence is suggestive of a beneficial effect of Mg on subjective anxiety in anxiety vulnerable samples. However, the quality of the existing evidence is poor. |
| 4 (MA) | Simental-Mendía, 2017 | Meta-analysis | Results of the present meta-analysis indicated that magnesium supplementation showed no significant effects on the lipid profile of either diabetic or non-diabetic individuals. |
| 4 (MA) | Simental-Mendía, 2016 | Meta-analysis | Magnesium supplementation for ≥4 months significantly improves the HOMA-IR index and fasting glucose, in both diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. The present findings suggest that magnesium may be a beneficial supplement in... |
| 4 (MA) | Duan, 2015 | Meta-analysis, 10 studies, n=1,214 | The advantage of magnesium-supplemented cardioplegia, compared with cardioplegia without magnesium, remains unconvincing based on the current evidence. The decision to add magnesium to the cardioplegic solution to a patient... |
| 4 (MA) | Ju, 2014 | Meta-analysis, 8 studies | This dose-response meta-analysis indicates that dietary magnesium intake is significantly and inversely associated with the risk of metabolic syndrome. However, randomized clinical trials will be necessary to address the issue of... |
| 4 (MA +large -nonRCT) | Larsson, 2007 | Meta-analysis, 7 studies, n=286,668 | Magnesium intake was inversely associated with incidence of type 2 diabetes. This finding suggests that increased consumption of magnesium-rich foods such as whole grains, beans, nuts, and green leafy vegetables may reduce the... |
| 4 (MA) | Song, 2006 | Meta-analysis, 9 studies, n=370 | Oral magnesium supplementation for 4-16 weeks may be effective in reducing plasma fasting glucose levels and raising HDL cholesterol in patients with Type 2 diabetes, although the long-term benefits and safety of magnesium... |
| 4 (MA) | Dickinson, 2006 | Meta-analysis, 12 studies | This is because poor quality studies generally tend to over-estimate the effects of treatment. Larger, longer duration and better quality double-blind placebo controlled trials are needed to assess the effect of magnesium... |
| 3 (SR) | Lopresti, 2026 | Systematic review, 12 studies | It may provide modest benefits for selected subjective outcomes in some adults, but the findings are inconsistent, and the certainty of the evidence is low or very low. Further well-designed, adequately powered trials are... |
| 3 (MA -few) | Vesterlund, 2023 | Meta-analysis, 3 studies | In adult ICU patients, the certainty of evidence for the effects of supplementation with magnesium, phosphate, or zinc was very low. High-quality trials are needed to assess the value of supplementation strategies in these patients. |
| 3 (MA -few) | Tan, 2022 | Meta-analysis, 4 studies | Magnesium supplementation benefits glycemic control for gestational diabetes. |
| 3 (MA -few) | Liu, 2021 | Meta-analysis, 4 studies, n=332 | Oral magnesium supplementation is not effective in the treatment of leg cramps during pregnancy. PROSPERO: CRD42020196572. |
| 3 (MA -few) | Mah, 2021 | Meta-analysis, 3 studies, n=151 | This review confirms that the quality of literature is substandard for physicians to make well-informed recommendations on usage of oral magnesium for older adults with insomnia. However, given that oral magnesium is very cheap... |
| 3 (MA -few) | Askari, 2021 | Meta-analysis, 2 studies | We found a significant reduction in BMI following magnesium supplementation. The change in body weight and WC were evident in certain subgroups. |
| 3 (SR) | Marshall, 2019 | Systematic review, 7 studies | The RCT did not find a significant treatment effect of magnesium but may have been underpowered. After quality appraisal and synthesis of the evidence we were unable to make a conclusion as to the effectiveness of magnesium for... |
| 3 (MA -few) | Salaminia, 2018 | Meta-analysis, 2 studies | The results of this meta-analysis study suggest that magnesium sulfate can be used safely and effectively and is a cost-effective way in the prevention of many of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias. |
| 3 (SR) | Morais, 2017 | Systematic review, 12 studies | The data of this systematic review provide evidence as to the benefits of magnesium supplementation in reducing IR in patients with hypomagnesemia presenting IR. However, new intervention studies are needed to elucidate the role... |
| 3 (SR) | McCabe, 2017 | Systematic review | The current review suggests that EFAs may be effective in reducing prenatal stress and salivary cortisol and may reduce anxiety during premenstrual syndrome and during menopause in the absence of depression. Magnesium and vitamin... |
| 3 (MA -few) | Veronese, 2016 | Meta-analysis, 2 studies, n=12 | In conditions in people at high risk of diabetes (Mg: 226; placebo=227 participants), Mg supplementation significantly improved plasma glucose levels after a 2 h oral glucose tolerance test (three studies; SMD=-0.35; 95% CI:... |
| 3 (SR) | Makrides, 2001 | Systematic review, 7 studies, n=2,689 | Poor quality trials are likely to have resulted in a bias favouring magnesium supplementation. There is not enough high quality evidence to show that dietary magnesium supplementation during pregnancy is beneficial. |
| 3 (MA -few) | Newhouse, 2000 | Meta-analysis, 3 studies | Most evidence indicates no effect of Mg supplementation on performance (strength, anaerobic-lactacid, and aerobic). When only peak treadmill speed during a VO2 max test is examined, the strength of evidence is equivocal. |
| 3 (SR) | Makrides, 2000 | Systematic review, 6 studies, n=2,637 | Poor quality trials are likely to have resulted in a bias favouring magnesium supplementation. There is not enough high quality evidence to show that dietary magnesium supplementation during pregnancy is beneficial. |
| 2 (SR -few) | Beyer, 2006 | Systematic review, 3 studies | We found no robust evidence that supplements of any combination of potassium, magnesium or calcium reduce mortality, morbidity or BP in adults. More trials are needed to investigate whether the combination of potassium &... |
| Score | Study | Design, n | Finding |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5 (RCT +blind +n200) | Khalid, 2024 | RCT, n=320 | The study revealed that magnesium, potassium, and magnesium and potassium combined had a significant effect on serum cortisol and melatonin levels (sleep hormones). In addition, supplementation significantly decreased the... |
| 5 (RCT +blind +n200) | Guerrero-Romero, 2022 | RCT, n=4,048 | Our results suggest that using oral MgCl2 for at least 4 months, in adults with prediabetes and hypomagnesemia, is a cost-effective option for reducing complications and direct medical costs. |
| 5 (RCT +blind +n200) | Barna, 2021 | RCT, n=216 | MOMH was shown to be effective in the treatment of NLC as well as safe and well-tolerated. |
| 5 (RCT +blind +n200) | de Araújo, 2020 | RCT, n=407 | Oral magnesium citrate supplementation did not appear to reduce adverse perinatal or maternal outcomes in high-risk singleton pregnancies. |
| 5 (RCT +blind +n200) | Alves, 2014 | RCT, n=2,000 | The results of this randomized clinical trial may be especially relevant in low and middle income countries that have high rates of prematurity and limited resources for acute newborn and maternal care. ClinicalTrials.gov... |
| 5 (RCT +blind +n200) | Ceremuzyński, 2000 | RCT, n=588 | Hypomagnesemia, probably related to increased urine magnesium excretion, is an essential feature of heart failure associated with complex ventricular arrhythmias. These arrhythmias can be alleviated/abolished by magnesium supplementation. |
| 5 (RCT +blind +n200) | Yamamoto, 1995 | RCT, n=698 | These analyses suggested that calcium supplementation may have resulted in a DBP decrease in white women and that response modifiers in this subgroup might have included lower initial urinary calcium levels, urinary sodium... |
| 4 (RCT +blind) | Al-Maqbali, 2026 | RCT, n=118 | Although median HbA1c reduction did not reach statistical significance, Mg-oxide supplementation improved Mg status and showed favorable trends in glycemic control without compromising safety. These findings support Mg... |
| 4 (RCT +blind) | Meer, 2026 | RCT, n=37 | Six-month magnesium citrate supplementation did not reduce calciprotein crystallization and arterial stiffness in older individuals with T2DM with peripheral MAC. Daily supplementation of 350 mg appears to be ineffective in this... |
| 4 (RCT +blind) | Kuusipalo, 2026 | RCT, n=121 | Among older adults, daily use of compression stockings was effective in reducing the frequency and pain intensity of leg cramps, as well as the number of nocturnal awakenings caused by them. |
| 4 (RCT +blind) | Rosselló Aubach, 2025 | RCT, n=35 | Adverse events (n = 35) were mild and homogenously distributed between groups. The dietary supplement was efficacious in improving physical aspects of FM, including pain, sleep quality, and impact, and showed good tolerability. |
| 4 (RCT +blind) | Pajuelo, 2024 | RCT, n=40 | Altogether, this clinical study introduced MAGSHAPETM microcapsules as a bioavailable and well-tolerated alternative to existing Mg-based ingredients used in food supplements. |
| 4 (RCT +blind) | Carlos, 2024 | RCT, n=35 | Differences between conditions were also observed for these parameters along with energy spent in activity, number of sedentary breaks, sleep efficiency, latency time, time in bed, total sleep time, awakening time, and movement... |
| 4 (RCT +blind) | Shahmoradi, 2024 | RCT, n=40 | Although the rate of oligomenorrhea significantly decreased in the two study groups, it was no different across the two groups before and also after the intervention. The use of magnesium supplements in patients with PCO,... |
| 4 (RCT +blind) | Vongpatanasin, 2023 | RCT, n=60 | KMgCit is superior to KCl, the common form of K supplement used in clinical practice, in preventing TD-induced hyperglycemia. This action may improve tolerability and cardiovascular safety in patients with hypertension treated... |
| 4 (RCT +blind) | Hasan, 2023 | RCT, n=58 | Conclusions: From above results, one can conclude that oral Mg l-lactate supplement can improve, to a certain extent, blood pressure of women with MetS. Further studies in this aspect may be required. |
| 4 (RCT +blind) | Bressendorff, 2023 | RCT, n=148 | Magnesium supplementation for 12 months did not slow the progression of vascular calcification in CKD, despite a significant increase in plasma magnesium. |
| 4 (RCT +blind) | Dall, 2023 | RCT, n=78 | Combined supplementation was not associated with short-term improvements in glycemic indices or bone turnover markers in participants who were overweight and obese in our study. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03134417). |
| 4 (RCT +blind) | Salehidoost, 2022 | RCT, n=86 | Magnesium supplementation increased HDL-cholesterol levels in people with prediabetes. However, other cardiometabolic markers were not improved by magnesium supplementation at the above dosage and duration. |
| 4 (RCT +blind) | Mousavi, 2022 | RCT, n=84 | We found a favorable effect of co-supplementation of magnesium and melatonin for 8 weeks in women with PCOS on hirsutism, serum TNF-α, and TAC levels. Furthermore, melatonin independently contributed to decreased serum values of... |
| 4 (RCT +blind) | Rabbani, 2021 | RCT, n=43 | In the placebo group, serum TAC was decreased and hs-CRP increased (P < 0.05), with no significant changes in serum TSH, FT3, TT4, and MDA after the intervention. Zinc, vitamin A, and magnesium supplementation may have beneficial... |
| 4 (RCT open +n200) | Noah, 2020 | RCT, n=264 | Magnesium alone and magnesium-vitamin B6 provided statistically significant increases in erythrocyte magnesium in subjects with low magnesium status (<1.6mmol/L). Vitamin B6 supplementation did not further increase magnesium levels. |
| 4 (RCT +blind) | Hamedifard, 2020 | RCT, n=30 | In patients with T2DM and CHD, the 12-week intake of magnesium plus zinc had beneficial effects on FPG, HDL-cholesterol, CRP, insulin, total nitrite, TAC levels, and BDI and BAI score. This suggests that magnesium and zinc... |
| 4 (RCT +blind) | Farsinejad-Marj, 2020 | RCT, n=60 | ClinicalTrials.gov IRCT registration no. NCT02178150. |
| 4 (RCT +blind) | Araújo, 2020 | RCT, n=66 | Oral magnesium supplementation during pregnancy did not reduce the ocurrence and frequency of episodes of leg cramps. |